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What Is Assay In Pharmaceutical Chemistry

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Difference Between Assay And Purity

Sodium bicarbonate – Assay Compounds – Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry.

Substances are hardly found in a pure state. If it is an element, it forms various combinations between them or with other elements in order to exist. Not only elements, molecules and compounds also tend to mix with a large number of other species in nature. Therefore, often all the substances exist as mixtures.

  • The difference between assay and purity is that an assay is the determination of one of the main component in a sample whereas purity is the determination of impurities in a sample. Furthermore, an assay may provide either a quantitative measurement while purity can be indicated quantitatively or qualitatively.
  • Assay and purity are two types of measurements used to determine the components of a sample. Both of them are important aspects of chemistry and biochemistry.
  • On as is basis = x x potency or assay of standard
  • On anhydrous basis = x 100
  • On dried basis = x 100
  • Advances To Involve New Categories Of Compounds

    Schematic diagram of the competitive immunoassay for metal ions.

    More recently, FPFIA methods were developed for lead and cadmium . The antibodies were raised against protein conjugates of the metal ionsplexes of polyaminopolycarboxylate chelating agent. Fluorophore-labelled analogues of the metal chelate complexes were used as tracer in performing the competitive assay. This method was very sensitive the limits of detection were 20, and 100 ppt for lead and cadmium , respectively.

    Although immunoassays for metal ions are still in their infancy, very promising results have been obtained. Recent advances in the genetic manipulation of recombinant single-chain antibodies provided a new opportunity to optimize the binding properties of the parent antibody to provide new highly specific recombinant reagents . The new immunoassays for heavy metals are considered as a promising alternative approach for the existing technologies for analysis of metal ions , which are expensive and the analysis needs excessive pretreatment of the sample.

    Application Of Capillary Electrophoresis

    Since the introduction of the commercially available instruments capillary electrophoresis , related methods such as micellar electrokinetic chromatography , microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography , and capillary electrochromatography , have attracted great interest in pharmaceutical analysis as possible alternatives or amendments to HPLC.

    This share is an underestimation, as there are researchers specializing in CE analysis. It is an overestimation because, despite CE having several advantages such as a flat flow profile that results in an extremely high column efficiency, due to its limitations with regard to its general applicability, it does not yet seem to be a real rival to HPLC in the practice of compendial-industrial pharmaceutical analysis. CE is already an official method in USP XXIX, but its contribution to the monographs is still negligibly low. However, CE is already an inevitable tool in the analysis of proteins and other biopolymers, particularly with respect to miniaturization, which leads to chip-based bioanalytical chemistry. Of the new techniques mentioned earlier, CEC will certainly have a bright future.

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    Detection Method Or Technology

    Depending on the nature of the Detection system assays can be based on:

  • Colony forming or virtual colony count: e.g. by multiplying bacteria or proliferating cells.
  • / spectrophotometry When the absorbance of a specific wavelength of light while passing through a fixed path-length through a cuvette of liquid test sample is measured and the absorbance is compared with a blank and standards with graded amounts of the target compound. If the emitted light is of a specific visible wavelength it may be called colorimetry, or it may involve specific wavelength of light e.g. by use of laser and emission of fluorescent signals of another specific wavelength which is detected via very specific wavelength optical filters.
  • Transmittance of light may be used to measure e.g. clearing of opacity of a liquid created by suspended particles due to decrease in number of clumps during a platelet agglutination reaction.
  • Turbidimetry when the opacity of straight-transmitted light passing through a liquid sample is measured by detectors placed straight across the light source.
  • Nephelometry where a measurement of the amount of light scattering that occurs when a beam of light is passed through the solution is used to determine size and/or concentration and/or size distribution of particles in the sample.
  • Reflectometry When color of light reflected from a sample or reactant is assessed e.g. the automated readings of the strip urine dipstick assays.
  • Other physical property based assays may use
  • Important Factors In Assay Development

    Free photo: Test tubes

    Developing top-notch assays is pivotal to drug discovery and development. The better the developed assays, the fewer potential problems in subsequent stages of the research and development process.Proper assay development requires carefully considering multiple factors, including relevance, reproducibility, quality, interference and cost.

    Factor

    Measures should be taken to reasonably limit assay cost.

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    Number Of Analytes Detected

    Depending on how many targets or analytes are being measured:

  • Usual assays are simple or single target assays which is usually the default unless it is called multiplex.
  • Multiplex assays are used to simultaneously measure the presence, concentration, activity, or quality of multiple analytes in a single test. The advent of multiplexing enabled rapid, efficient sample testing in many fields, including immunology, cytochemistry, genetics/genomics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
  • Application Of Microscopy Techniques

    A useful instrument for the structural and morphological study of novel films, nanoparticles, hydrogels, matrices, and porous scaffolds is offered by modern microscopy tools, such as, atomic force microscopy , scanning electron microscopy , and confocal Raman microscopy . The imaging tools are important for analyzing the surface of soft organic materials, as understanding these surfaces may help to shed light on the interactions that occur between crystals and their surrounding environment.

    Drug release is the result of a complex interplay between the drug, its carrier, and the release environment. Study of the surface structure and morphology of pharmaceutical substances contributes to an understanding of surface activity and is of critical importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Modern microscopies are tools that are applicable for the collection of topographic data and morphological investigation of different applicable pharmaceutical materials.

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    Assay And Drug Development Technologies Coverage Includes:

    • Assay design, target development, and high-throughput technologies
    • Hit to Lead optimization and medicinal chemistry through preclinical candidate selection
    • Lab automation, sample management, bioinformatics, data mining, virtual screening, and data analysis
    • Approaches to assays configured for gene families, inherited, and infectious diseases
    • Assays and strategies for adapting model organisms to drug discovery
    • The use of stem cells as models of disease
    • Translation of phenotypic outputs to target identification
    • Exploration and mechanistic studies of the technical basis for assay and screening artifacts

    The Journalalso features a dedicated Drug Repurposing, Rescue, and Repositioning section. These special peer-reviewed collections of papers present techniques and tools for finding new uses for approved drugs particularly for disorders where no animal model, physiologic abnormality, biochemical pathway, or molecular target has been identified.This DRRRspecial section features original papers, application-oriented technology reviews, and reports in methodology and technology application to drug repurposing and redevelopment including:

    • Designing assays and interpreting output to enable alternate drug target identification
    • Pathway analysis and bioinformatics to identify and exploit drug promiscuity
    • In silico technologies to identify alternate drug targets
    • “Big Data” mining and side effect pattern analysis in clinical and healthcare repositories

    Question Bank Pharm D I Year

    | Ammonium chloride | Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry | | Assay Compounds |

    1. How do you prepare and standardize a 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution?2. What are primary, secondary standard substances? Give example. Give standardization of 0.1N Perchloric acid.3. How do you prepare and standardize 500ml of N/10 Sodium hydroxide solution.4. What is a primary standard? Give example. What are the properties of a primary standard?5. Write the methods of preparation and standardization of 250ml of 0.1M Sodium hydroxide6. Explain various methods of minimization of errors.7. Explain different sources of errors. Write the methods to minimize them.8. Define 1. Accuracy 2. Precision 3. Significant figures 4. Quality control9. Explain the different types of errors in volumetric analysis and ways to minimize them.10. Classify determinate errors. Explain the steps to minimize the errors.11. Discuss the different methods to minimize errors12. Explain briefly theories of neutralization indicators.13. Explain Ostwalds theory for acid-base indicators.14. Write briefly the various theories of neutralization indicators.15. Classify and explain different types of neutralization indicators.

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    The Purpose Of Assay Development And Screening In Drug Discovery

    Assays are investigative procedures that qualitatively assess a compound or examine a compounds effects on identified molecular, cellular, or biochemical targets. The first steps in drug development are the identification and validation of potential drug targets involved in human disease. These targets are typically either a cellular structure or specific protein. Targets include:

    • Receptors
    • DNA
    • Ion channels

    In the following stage of drug development, biological assays and compound screening assays are created. These assays are used to identify compounds that have a desired activity at the drug target. These compounds are referred to as hit molecules. During the initial phase of hit compound identification, termed high throughput screening , a compound library that contains many potential hit molecules is tested to identify any compounds with the desired activity towards the target. Further assays are required to retest the hit molecules activity at the target. Finally, cell-based assays are used to examine a drugs toxicity, safety profile, and efficacy. Every drug that is developed undergoes a unique series of assays that are specifically designed and organized for the drug target and compound in question. This process is termed assay development.

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    Hts Methods: Assay Design And Optimisation

    High throughput screening remains the key methodology for finding hit and lead compounds within the pharmaceutical industry and also, recently, in the academic drug discovery community. HTS has changed significantly in AstraZeneca over the last 1520 years with a massive expansion of the number of compounds available to screen, increasing industrialisation and automation of the process in order to cope with larger numbers of compounds, and more recently, the running of screens from external collaborators via open innovation initiatives. In this chapter we will discuss how this approach to HTS has been developed within AstraZeneca and pay particular attention to how the optimisation and validation of the wide spectrum of assays that we have to deal with in our group is done. We will discuss how we accept assays into HTS from our assay development groups and describe how these assays are validated and optimised for use as an HTS screen.

    What About Pharmacists

    Test Tubes In Clinic Pharmacy And Medical Research ...

    Pharmacists are usually more involved in optimizing patient care in drug use. The University of Floridas online masters degree in pharmaceutical chemistry is open to pharmacists, but students are not required to have their Pharm.D in order to enroll. The pharmaceutical chemistry program focuses on non-dispensing areas of pharmacy and is more involved in research aspects than the customer service and patient care responsibilities of a traditional pharmacist.

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    What Is An Assay

    An assay is the analysis of a component of a sample. Here, the type of measurement can be either qualitative or quantitative. That means an assay measures the presence, amount or the functional activity of a component in a sample. In chemistry, an assay is a testing method of a metal or ore to determine its ingredients and quality. On the contrary, assays are a type of widely used analyzing methods of samples in pharmacology, laboratory medicine, biochemistry, biotechnology, immunology, environmental biology, etc. Here, the analyte or the main target component can be a drug, biochemical substance, a cell of an organism or an organic sample.

    Figure 1: Samples for a Spectrophotometer Assay

    Generally, a fixed amount of exogenous reactants or reagents are added in an assay. Therefore, the target component becomes the only variable factor during the analysis. Furthermore, the general steps involved in an assay can be:

  • Sample processing and manipulation
  • Signal detection
  • Signal enhancement and noise filtering
  • Streamline Drug Discovery Workflows

    We streamline critical workflows and increase your agility, efficiency and productivity across applications from assay development, medicinal chemistry and 3D cell cultures to functional genomics and proteomics. By automating complex liquid handling tasks, reducing reagent requirements and increasing assay robustness we allow researchers to reach important project milestones quickly, economically and confidently.

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    What Does Assay Mean

    Assay is a procedure for the examination or determination of quality or strength of a substance. It is the analysis of the amount of metal in an ore, or the determination of the amount of purities in a precious metal. An assay procedure is generally employed to evaluate an intensive property of the measured entity, called “analyte”. It is expressed in a relevant measurement unit like density, molarity, etc.

    Assay is being used as a routine examination procedure in modern environmental, pharmaceutical, chemical, and many other industries at different scales. Industrial-scale assays are frequently performed in fully equipped laboratories and with an automated and computer control procedure.

    What Are Employers Looking For In Assessment Tests

    Copper Sulphate – Assay compounds – Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry.

    Most important, valid tests help companies measure three critical elements of success on the job: competence, work ethic, and emotional intelligence. Though employers still look for evidence of those qualities in résumés, reference checks, and interviews, they need a fuller picture to make smart hires.

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    What Is Content Uniformity

    Content uniformity is a test used to evaluate the equality of the dosage of a pharmaceutical drug. The method is applicable for tablets which contain the active ingredient in less than 10 mg or 10% W/W. Also, this test is not applicable to multivitamin drugs or trace elements. During this test, 10 tablets can be taken randomly from a sample in order to determine the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient in them.

    Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Drugs

    Then, the mean value can be calculated. The mean value of an active pharmaceutical ingredient has to be within 85-115% or 75-125% of the average value. After that, the same test is performed for another 20 tablets if 2-3 tablets are out of range. The sample is not considered as fulfilling the required dose if the total sample of 30 tablets has more than three tablets that are out of the range of 85 to 115% or more than three tablets that are out of the range of 75 to 125%.

    Reagentsts Required For Immunoassay Development

    These reagents are the antibodies, signal-generating labels, and separation matrices. Antibodies are the key reagents on which the success of any immunoassay depends. The antibodies can be either polyclonal or monoclonal. However, for immunoassay development for pharmaceutical analysis purposes, monoclonal antibodies are more advantageous than polyclonal ones . This is attributed to their higher degree of affinity and specificity towards the analyte. Even that, many successful immunoassays were developed using polyclonal antibodies because it was possible to generate the antibodies with high affinity to the analyte .

    The signal generating labels in immunoassays include radioactive atoms . The use of radioactive labels offers extremely sensitive and quite precise assays, however, they have some drawbacks , fluorescent probes , chemiluminescent substances , metals and metal chelates , and liposomes were introduced. On the basis of number of publications, enzymes are the most common labels employed in immunoassay methods for pharmaceutical compounds. A potential advantage in the use of enzyme labels for immunoassay is the possibility of the amplification of the signal, and subsequently the potential increasing in the sensitivity of the method. This is beneficial when the original signal is not sufficient to get the desirable sensitivity for the analysis.

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    What Is An Assay In Microbiology

    The use of microorganisms to determine or assess a variety of bio- logically active substances either qualitatively or quantitatively is well established. Among the earliest applications of microbiological assays were those for vitamins and later for amino acids.

    What is the microbiological assay?, Microbial assays or microbiological assays could be a sort of bioassays designed to analyse the compounds or substances that have impact on micro-organisms. They help to estimate concentration and efficiency of antibiotics. Also facilitate in determination of the simplest anti-biotic appropriate for patient recovery.

    Furthermore, What does an assay do?, Assay: An assay is an analysis done to determine: The presence of a substance and the amount of that substance. Thus, an assay may be done for example to determine the level of thyroid hormones in the blood of a person suspected of being hypothyroid .

    Finally, What is an assay in medical terms?, An assay is an investigative procedure in laboratory medicine, mining, pharmacology, environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity .

    What Is An Assay In Biotechnology

    Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    Assay Development is a procedure in molecular biology for testing or measuring the activity of a drug or biochemical in an organism or organic sample. A quantitative assay may also measure the amount of a substance in a sample. Bioassays and immunoassays are among the many varieties of specialized biochemical assays.

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