Positive And Negative Hydrostatic Pressures
Hydrostatic pressureP is usually expressed as gage pressure, the difference from the normal atmospheric pressure of approximately 100;kPa absolute pressurethat is, a gage pressure of zero equals an absolute pressure of 100;kPa. Large positive values of hydrostatic pressure, induced by osmosis, are typical in plants cells, where they are often called turgor pressure. Large negative values are also common, both in plants and the soil they are growing in. These large negative values arise because of capillary effectsthe attraction between water and hydrophilic surfaces, such as cell walls and soil, coupled with the surface tension at an air/water interface. For a cylindrical pore of radius a , the impact of this interaction on the pressure in the adjacent water is given by the LaplaceYoung equation.
CAROL M. LALLI, TIMOTHY R. PARSONS, in, 1997
How Blood Flows Through The Body
Blood is pushed through the body by the action of the pumping heart. With each rhythmic pump, blood is pushed under high pressure and velocity away from the heart, initially along the main artery, the aorta. In the aorta, the blood travels at 30 cm/sec. As blood moves into the arteries, arterioles, and ultimately to the capillary beds, the rate of movement slows dramatically to about 0.026 cm/sec, one-thousand times slower than the rate of movement in the aorta. While the diameter of each individual arteriole and capillary is far narrower than the diameter of the aorta, and according to the law of continuity, fluid should travel faster through a narrower diameter tube, the rate is actually slower due to the overall diameter of all the combined capillaries being far greater than the diameter of the individual aorta.
Varicose veins are veins that become enlarged because the valves no longer close properly, allowing blood to flow backward. Varicose veins are often most prominent on the legs. Why do you think this is the case?
What Causes Hydrostatic Pressure In The Blood
According to the School of Nursing and Academic Division of Midwifery at the University of Nottingham, hydrostatic pressure is a type of pressure that is exerted by the blood onto the capillary walls in humans. As blood moves through the capillaries, the hydrostatic pressure drives the blood out of the capillary into the interstitial space.
Capillaries and tissues can exhibit a hydrostatic pressure, according to Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts from Dr. Richard E. Klabunde. Capillary hydrostatic pressure is responsible for the movement of blood and solutes into the interstitial space. Tissue hydrostatic pressure is responsible for filtering solutes out of the tissues into the tissue interstitial space. Both types of hydrostatic pressure are dependent on blood and fluid volumes in the body.
Dr. Klabunde states that in capillaries, the hydrostatic pressure is higher at the arteriolar end of the capillaries and lower at the venular end. This change is pressure allows a gradient to form so that solutes can be filtered in and out of the capillary. In tissues, a similar change in pressure is developed by the compliance of the tissue interstitial and by the volume of the interstitial fluid. Other types of pressure that are important for filtration of the capillaries and the tissues include capillary plasma oncotic pressure and tissue oncotic pressure.
Don’t Miss: What Kind Of Math Is On The Ged Test
How Hydrostatic Pressure Works
Stay with me, because Im stating the obvious for a moment.; Theres water in the ground around your house. Its supposed to be there, theres no way to remove all of it, and it wouldnt be good for your foundation if it was removed.;
Sometimes after heavy rain, or if you live in a high water table, this water collecting around your foundation can be a problem.; This is especially true if you live near creeks, ponds, or other bodies of water where soil saturation is naturally high. If enough water accumulates, it starts to push or exert pressure against your homes basement or crawlspace.;;
Essentially, the water wants to expand into space that your home is occupying and your foundation isnt allowing it.; This is the kind of hydrostatic pressure were discussing- its much like a dam, blocking water in its path.
Illustration : Hydrostatic Pressure In Body
The hydrostatic pressure also exists in our body. Blood is a fluid so, it also exerts the hydrostatic pressure There are two types of hydrostatic pressure: one in which pressure is exerted by blood on the wall of the capillary and other in which interstitial fluid exerts pressure on the wall of the capillary. Apart from the hydrostatic pressure, there are also other pressures like osmotic pressure, hydraulic pressure. These pressures control the exchange of fluids across the wall of the capillary.
As we have already discussed that the hydrostatic static pressure increases with depth. For a standing person, the blood pressure in feet is 62;mmHg to 65;mmHg more than in the arms.
Read Also: Ccl4 Valence Electrons
What Hydrostatic Pressure Isnt
Hydrostatic pressure is a term often used rather generically to explain any moisture problem that occurs in a concrete slab, but more often than not, it isnt the culprit. Several other sources of moisture could equally be responsible for water intrusion or moisture-related flooring issues.
Hydrostatic pressure, by nature, does not occur in slabs above grade. It does not even occur in every slab below the soil line. For a concrete slab to be impacted by hydrostatic pressure, it must be below the water table on the site or intrude into a natural water pathway. Water, underground as well as above, moves downhill under the pull of gravity, and so sites cut into a hillside stand a greater risk of having the hillside side be affected by hydrostatic pressure if adequate steps to redirect the water are not taken. Poor drainage may cause water to collect against a concrete foundation but generally will not build up the volume to cause problems attributable to hydrostatic pressure.
Only identifying the correct source of excess moisture will make proper remediation possible.
Other possibilities include:
Ultimately, if hydrostatic pressure is the culprit, the only way to correct it is to eliminate the pressure of standing water, a significant undertaking in any situation. However, accurate and comprehensive moisture testing and site evaluation can indicate the true source of concrete moisture intrusion to ensure proper and lasting remedies.
Hydrostatic Pressure Can Cause Water Damage
The water pushing against your foundation is applying pressure, but as long as your foundation is secure, your home is stable.; The problems occur when the foundation begins to weaken. Foundations are commonly made of some form of concrete, which is a strong substance, but it is also porous.;;
This means water can seep into and through your walls.;;
Generally, the first sign a homeowner notices is a musty smell.; If you have a basement, you may see moisture or even water on your basement walls or floor.;;
Since homeowners rarely enter their crawl spaces, they wont see the initial signs.; The first symptom for them is a stale, moldy odor that indicates mold is actively growing in their crawl space.;
Humidity and water leaks are some of the results of hydrostatic pressure.; They signal that water has saturated the foundation and found its way into your house.; You may need waterproofing or encapsulation to address the water infiltration.; You can learn more about these solutions in our detailed guide to basement waterproofing.;;
But if you have water getting into your home through cracks, you may have larger issues than just water damage.;;
Don’t Miss: Fsa Algebra 1 Eoc Review Functions And Modeling-answer Key
Osmosis And Hydrostatic Pressure
I’m confused about the role of hydrostatic pressure compared to osmotic pressure.
Q1:If I have a U-tube with a membrane permeable only to water molecules and equal volumes of water on either side but only 1 side has NaCl, the osmotic pressure would cause water to move from side A to side B,correct ?
Q2.But then hydrostatic pressure would cause water to move back to side A.So, the water would move from side A to side B until the effect caused by the hydrostatic pressure = effect caused by osmotic pressure ?
Q3. The last statement wouldn’t be correct If I said that “water moves until the hydrostatic pressure=osmotic pressure” would it ?
and lastly, My friend said the water would move until the hydrostatic pressure on both sides was equal Q4. If water is moving from side A to side B then the we have more water molecules at side B, how would side A ever reach the hydrostatic pressure at side B ?Do I have a misunderstanding in the concept of hydrostatic pressure ? In this context, I understand that it is the pressure exerted by the water molecules on the selectively permeable membrane.
The more I google hydrostatic pressure the more lost I get because all sources seem to explain in terms of equations and physics and I’m only taking this for an introductory course in physiology.
Osmosis is defined as the flow of water/solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low to high solute concentration, until equilibrium is established.
$\Pi = i M R T$
Example
What Is Osmotic Pressure
The osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent a solution from undergoing osmosis. The basic requirement for this osmotic pressure to occur is the presence of at least two different solutions that are separated from each other by a semi-permeable membrane.
A semi-permeable membrane is a very thin membrane that only allows solute molecules to pass through. Therefore, the solute molecules pass through it until the concentration of the solute becomes the same in both solutions. The solvent is always moved from high concentration to low concentration.; Osmotic pressure is the force needed to stop this movement.
Osmotic pressure also can be abbreviated mathematically. The equation that gives the osmotic pressure is called Vant Hoff equation.
;;; =;;;; nRT / V
;;;;;;;;; is the osmotic pressure
;;;;;;;;; n is the number of moles of solute
;;;;;;;;; R is the universal gas constant
;;;;;;;;; T is the absolute temperature
;;;;;;;;; V is the volume of the solution
However, n/V is equal to the molarity of the solution. For example, a solution containing KCl at 298K temperature may have an osmotic pressure of,
;;;;;; =;;;;;; nRT / V
; ; ; ; ; =;;;;;; 1.00 mol/L; x ; 0.0821 L atm /; x ; 298 K
; ; ; ; ; =;;;;;; 24.466 atm
Figure 4: Osmotic pressure causes the final concentrations of the two solutions to become equal.
Recommended Reading: Ccl4 Bond Angle
Pressure In Resting Liquids
Due to the fundamental nature of the fluids, a fluid can not remain at rest under the presence of a shear stress.;However, fluids can exert a normal pressure on any contact surface.
If it is considered that a point of the fluid is an infinitesimally small cube, then it follows from the equilibrium principles that the pressure on each side of this fluid unit must be equal.
If it were not so, the fluid would move in the direction of the resultant force.
Thus, the pressure on a fluid at rest is isotropic;;That is, it acts with equal magnitude in all directions.
This feature allows fluids to transmit force through the length of pipes or tubes;;That is, a force applied to a fluid in a pipeline is transmitted, through the fluid, to the other end of the pipe.
This principle was formulated first, in a slightly extended form, by Blaise Pascal, and is now called Pascals law.
In a fluid at rest, all frictional and inertial forces disappear and the state of tension of the system is called hydrostatic.
When this condition of V = 0 is applied to the Navier-Stokes equation, the pressure gradient becomes a function of the forces of the body only.
For a barotropic fluid in a field of conservative force as a gravitational force field, the pressure exerted by a fluid in equilibrium becomes a function of the force exerted by gravity.
Have You Seen Signs Of Hydrostatic Pressure In Your House
If so, you should find an experienced local foundation company, and make an appointment.; Most foundation repairs can be done year-round regardless of the weather, so please do not put off these repairs for a different season or warmer temperatures.; This is especially true if you have an actively bowing wall. Waiting too long can cause serious structural damage.
Before signing a contract, we recommend that you should verify the company is reputable, insured, and accredited by theBetter Business Bureau.;;
If you live inIndiana or the surrounding states, contact Acculevel.; Established in 1996, we specialize in foundation repairs and waterproofing and provide free estimates.; An experienced project manager will evaluate your crawl space conditions and recommend the best course of action for you, to keep your home strong and healthy for years to come.
Don’t Miss: Eoc Fsa Warm Ups Algebra 1 Answers
What Is Hydrostatic Pressure And Why Does It Matter To Homeowners
Originally posted 3/26/20, updated 7/21/21.
Simply stated, hydrostatic pressure is important to homeowners because it can damage your foundation.; Acculevel has been repairing foundations for more than twenty years, and we know firsthand what happens to a foundation when its struggling with water damage.;;
There is a gap between what homeowners know and need to know about hydrostatic pressure and the issues that it can cause.; Well walk you through the cause of hydrostatic pressure, what it can do to your home, and when you need to contact a professional.
Hydrostatic Pressure And Fluid Pressure
In fluid mechanics, for any fluid at rest, the study of the pressure in a fluid, at a given depth is called the hydrostatic pressure.
Mathematical Proof:
Let us consider two points A and B separated by a small vertical height dz.;
A small horizontal area as S with a A and an identical area S with point B.
Here, S = S =; S .
Now, consider two surfaces with areas S and S and thin vertical boundary joining them.
F = Vertically upward force acted by the fluid below it.
F = Vertically downward force acted by the fluid above it.;
W1 = Weight acting vertically downwards.
Let the pressure at the surface A = P;
The pressure at B = P + dP.
Then, by the formula P = F.A we have:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;F = P S;
and,;;;;;;;;;; F = S
Then volume of the fluid becomes .
If the density of fluid at A is .
Then mass of the fluid; = and weight is given by,
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;W = mg = . g
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;F; = F; = W
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;PS = S = . g
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;On solving it gives,
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;dP = – gdz..
As we move up through a height dz, the pressure decreases by gdz.
Now consider a point z =0 at P and another one z = h at P .
Integrating eq
\ = -;\
P; -; P =; – gz – 0
If the density is same everywhere then,;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;P; = P = – gz ..
Horizontal Container
Now, we would consider a horizontal container having a pressure P at point A in area S and pressure P; at point B in the same area S.
Where; S = S = S
;If the fluid remains in equilibrium, the forces acting in the direction AB will be:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;P S =; P S
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;Or;; P = P;;;
Q1: What are Hydrostatics?
Q3: What is Pascals Principle?
Don’t Miss: Math Caching Algebra 1 Answers
Interaction Of Hydrostatic And Osmotic Pressures
The normal unit used to express pressures within the cardiovascular system is millimeters of mercury . When blood leaving an arteriole first enters a capillary bed, the CHP is quite highabout 35 mm Hg. Gradually, this initial CHP declines as the blood moves through the capillary so that by the time the blood has reached the venous end, the CHP has dropped to approximately 18 mm Hg. In comparison, the plasma proteins remain suspended in the blood, so the BCOP remains fairly constant at about 25 mm Hg throughout the length of the capillary and considerably below the osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid.
The net filtration pressure represents the interaction of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, driving fluid out of the capillary. It is equal to the difference between the CHP and the BCOP. Since filtration is, by definition, the movement of fluid out of the capillary, when reabsorption is occurring, the NFP is a negative number.
Figure 1. Net filtration occurs near the arterial end of the capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloidal osmotic pressure . There is no net movement of fluid near the midpoint since CHP = BCOP. Net reabsorption occurs near the venous end since BCOP is greater than CHP.
Turgor Pressure In Plants
Turgor pressure within cells is regulated by osmosis and this also causes the cell wall to expand during growth. Along with size, rigidity of the cell is also caused by turgor pressure; a lower pressure results in a wilted cell or plant structure . One mechanism in plants that regulate turgor pressure is its semipermeable membrane, which only allows some solutes to travel in and out of the cell, which can also maintain a minimum amount of pressure. Other mechanisms include transpiration, which results in water loss and decreases turgidity in cells. Turgor pressure is also a large factor for nutrient transport throughout the plant. Cells of the same organism can have differing turgor pressures throughout the organism’s structure. In higher plants, turgor pressure is responsible for apical growth of things such as root tips and pollen tubes.
Don’t Miss: Imagine Math Login
Hydrostatic Pressure Influence Activity And Assembly Of Bacterial Communities In Reservoir Sediments
Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Correspondence
Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Correspondence
Liquid Entry Pressure And Membrane Wetting
LEP is the minimum hydrostatic pressure that is required on the solution side to overcome the hydrophobic forces of the membrane for penetration of the liquid into the membrane pores. Membranes for use in membrane distillation application are very much characterized by LEP, where the desired property of the membrane is to prevent wetting of the pores. The higher the LEP of a membrane the better it is in preventing membrane wetting. The wettability of these membranes depends on several factors such as the liquid surface tension, the liquidmembrane contact angle , and the size and shape of the pores. The rough idea of a membrane wetting can be realized by using the Laplace equation, which provides the relationship between the membranes largest allowable pore size and operating conditions .
V. Athès, D. Combes, in, 1998
Don’t Miss: Geometry Segment Addition Postulate Worksheet